Novel hydroxyapatite/carboxymethylchitosan composite scaffolds prepared through an innovative ‘‘autocatalytic’’ electroless coprecipitation route

Abstract

A developmental composite scaffold for bone tissue engineering applications composed of hydroxyapatite (HA) and carboxymethylchitosan (CMC) was obtained using a coprecipitation method, which is based on the ‘‘autocatalytic’’ electroless deposition route. The results revealed that the pores of the scaffold were regular, interconnected, and possess a size in the range of 20–500 lm. Furthermore, the Fourier transform infra-red spectrum of the composite scaffolds exhibited all the characteristic peaks of apatite, and the appearance of typical bands from CMC, thus showing that coprecipitation of both organic and inorganic phases was effective. The X-ray diffraction pattern of composite scaffolds demonstrated that calciumphosphates consisted of crystalline HA. From microcomputed tomography analysis, it was possible to determine that composite scaffolds possess a 58.9% 6 6% of porosity. The 2D morphometric analysis demonstrated that on average the scaffolds consisted of 24% HA and 76% CMC. The mechanical properties were assessed using compressive tests, both in dry and wet states. Additionally, in vitro tests were carried out to evaluate the wateruptake capability, weight loss, and bioactive behavior of the composite scaffolds. The novel hydroxyapatite/ carboxymethylchitosan composite scaffolds showed promise whenever degradability and bioactivity are simultaneously desired, as in the case of bone tissue-engineering scaffolding applications.